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Material
iron
Basic attributes
Atomic number: 26
Position of the periodic table: Fourth period, group VIII
Color & Luster: Pure iron is a silvery-white lustrous metal
Density: 7.86g/cm³
Melting Point: 1539°C
Physical
Electrical conductivity: Iron has good electrical conductivity
Thermal conductivity: Iron also has good thermal conductivity
Ductility: Iron has some ductility and can be stretched into filaments or beaten into thin sheets
Ferromagnetism: Iron can be attracted to magnets and is ferromagnetic
Chemical properties
Compounds: Important compounds of iron include ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃), ferric tetroxide (Fe₃O₄), ferric chloride (FeCl₃) and iron complexes
Presence in nature
Main minerals: hematite (mainly ferric oxide), magnetite (mainly ferric oxide) and siderite (mainly ferrous carbonate), etc
Industrial preparation
Raw materials: The industrial preparation of iron is usually obtained by smelting iron ore, coke and limestone in a blast furnace
Methods: including blast furnace method, direct reduction method, melt reduction method, plasma method, etc
Classification: According to the different carbon content, it can be divided into pig iron, wrought iron and steel
Fields of application
lndustrial use: used to manufacture all kinds of machinery, equipment, tools and parts, such as automobiles, ships, planes, trains and other means of transportation, as well as various machine tools, pumps, valves, pipelines and other industrial equipment.
Agricultural use: used to make various agricultural tools and equipment, such as plows, hoes, sickles, barbed wire, etc.
Construction use: It is used to manufacture various building components and equipment, such as steel bars, steel plates, iron pipes, etc., as well as construction machinery and equipment, such as cranes, excavators, bulldozers, etc.
Living use: used to manufacture various daily necessities and equipment, such as pots and pans, gas stoves, water heaters, radiators, etc., as well as furniture and home decorations, such as wrought iron doors and windows, wrought iron stairs, wrought iron chandeliers, etc
Polyethylene
Essential
Chemical formula: Formed by polymerization of ethylene monomer, the chemical formula is usually -(CH2-CH2)n-.
Classification: Polyethylene is mainly divided into three categories: linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Physical
Appearance: Polyethylene plastics are usually milky white, odorless, odorless, non-toxic, and waxy particles with a dull surface.
Density: Different types of polyethylene have different densities. For example, LDPE has a lower density of about 0.918 g/cm³; The density of HDPE is higher, about 0.945~0.96 g/cm3.
Melting Point: The melting point also varies depending on the species. The melting point of LDPE is low, about 105~115 °C; HDPE, on the other hand, has a higher melting point, about 125~137°C.
Other characteristics: polyethylene plastic has excellent low temperature resistance (the lowest use temperature can reach -100~-70 °C), good chemical stability, and can resist the erosion of most acids and alkalis (not resistant to acids with oxidizing properties). In addition, it also has excellent resistance to most domestic and industrial chemicals, insoluble in general solvents at room temperature, low water absorption, and excellent electrical insulation
Fields of application
Packaging industry: polyethylene plastic is mainly used to make plastic wrap, vest plastic bags, plastic food bags, etc. Due to its non-toxic, tasteless and odorless characteristics, it is widely used in the field of food packaging.
Agriculture: It is used to make agricultural mulch film to increase soil temperature, maintain soil moisture, and promote crop growth.
Construction: In the construction sector, polyethylene plastic can be used to make waterproofing membranes, pipes, etc.
Others: In addition, polyethylene plastic is also used to make everyday products such as baby bottles, pails, and kettles, as well as insulation and sheaths for wires and cables
Production process
The production of polyethylene plastics mainly uses high-pressure and low-pressure methods. The high-pressure method for the production of LDPE is the most technologically mature method in the production of PE resin, while the low-pressure method is mainly used for the production of HDPE and LLDPE. These production processes require specific catalysts and reaction conditions to ensure product quality and performance.
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Definition
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a high-performance composite material, which is mainly composed of carbon fiber as a reinforcing material and resin (such as epoxy resin) as a matrix material.
Characteristic
High Specific Strength and High Specific Modulus:
The specific modulus of carbon fiber reinforced resin composites is 5 times higher than that of steel and aluminum alloys, and the specific strength is also more than 3 times higher than that of steel and aluminum alloys.
This means it offers more strength and stiffness at a lower weight.
High fatigue resistance:
The fatigue limit of carbon fiber unsaturated polyester resin composites can reach 70% to 80% of their tensile strength, while that of metal materials is only 40% to 50%.
This makes it a significant advantage in applications where cyclic loads need to be subjected to long-term loads.
Strong fracture resistance:
Since a large number of independently existing carbon fibers are bonded into a whole by a ductile matrix, when some of the fibers break, the load is redistributed to the other unbroken fibers, preventing sudden failure.
Good vibration damping performance:
The high natural frequency of carbon fiber reinforced resin composites avoids resonance and the resulting early damage during operation.
Fields of application
Aerospace: Due to its lightweight and high-strength characteristics, CFRP is widely used in the aerospace field, such as aircraft fuselage, wings, tails, etc.
Automotive industry: CFRP is used in automotive manufacturing to reduce body weight, improve fuel efficiency, and enhance body structural strength.
Sports equipment: Sports equipment such as high-performance bicycles, golf clubs, and tennis rackets are often manufactured with CFRP to reduce weight and improve performance
Construction & Fabrication
CFRP is composed of carbon fiber and resin matrix through lamination, injection molding, pultrusion and other processes.
Carbon fibers exist in the form of fiber bundles or fabrics that provide strength and stiffness to composite materials; The resin matrix holds the carbon fibers in place and transmits the load.
Trends
With the reduction of carbon fiber production costs and the advancement of manufacturing technology, the application of CFRP in more fields will be expanded.
The research of new carbon fiber reinforced resin composites is also deepening to meet the needs of higher performance and more environmental protection
New materials
1 Boronene material
Characteristic
High electrical conductivity: Boron ink has excellent electrical conductivity and is expected to be used in high-performance electronic devices.
High strength: Its mechanical strength is also extremely high, making it an ideal high-strength material.
Chemical stability: It shows good chemical stability at room temperature and is not easy to be oxidized or corroded.
Application prospects
Energy storage: It can be used to develop high-performance batteries and supercapacitors.
Electronic devices: Used as conductive channels or electrode materials in electronic devices to improve device performance.
Composite materials: as a reinforcing phase, improve the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of composite materials
2 Graphene
Definition
Graphene is a new nanomaterial with the thinnest, hardest, and strongest electrical and thermal conductivity discovered so far, and is known as "black gold" and "king of new materials".
Characteristic
Ultra-thin: A single layer of graphene is only one atomic layer thick and is the thinnest material known.
Super strong: It is 200 times stronger than steel and is one of the strongest materials currently known.
Electrical conductivity: Graphene has an extremely high electron mobility, which exceeds that of silicon materials by dozens of times, making it an ideal conductive material.
Thermal conductivity: The thermal conductivity of graphene is also very good, much higher than that of metals such as copper and silver.
Application prospects
New energy field: Graphene has huge application potential in the lithium battery and supercapacitor market, and the market size is expected to exceed tens of billions of yuan.
Composite materials: Graphene is also widely used in plastics, rubber, coatings, conductive inks and other fields
Metal Post-Processing Method
Sandblasting:
This is a common post-processing method for metals. It involves propelling fine particles of sand or other abrasives at high speed onto the metal surface to smoothen it, remove surface imperfections, or create a specific texture. Sandblasting is often used for decorative finishes, rust removal, and preparation for painting or coating
Plastic Post-Processing Method
Spraying treatment:
Definition: The application of a layer of plastic paint to metal equipment or plastic products, followed by a drying operation.
Features: Isolate air, anti-aging and anti-static, and give plastic an appearance effect that it does not have.
Post-processing methods of wood
Sanding:
Sanding is an important step in the post-processing of wood to achieve a smooth, even surface. It involves the use of sanding tools or machines with abrasive materials to remove rough edges, bumps, or scratches from the surface of the wood. Grinding can be done manually or with power tools, depending on the size and complexity of the workpiece. After sanding, the wood can be further surface treated with dyes, varnishes, or paints.